Hát chầu văn or hát văn is a spiritual form of music used to invoke spirits during ceremonies. Sung a cappella, quan họ is improvised and is used in courtship rituals. Quan họ ( alternate singing) is popular in Hà Bắc (divided into nowadays Bắc Ninh and Bắc Giang provinces) and across Vietnam numerous variations exist, especially in the Northern provinces. The theme of most dances is to wish the emperor or empress longevity and the country prosperity. Along with nhã nhạc, the imperial court of Vietnam in the 19th century also had many royal dances which still exist in present times. Influenced from Ming Chinese music, it slowly emerged in the royal court in the 1430s. Nhã nhạc is the most popular form of royal court music, specifically referring to the court music played from the Trần dynasty to the last Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam, being synthesized and developed by the Nguyễn emperors. During the 13th century, a new trend of music came from China: songs set to Chinese tunes with Vietnamese lyrics. The chronicles recorded that a special palace for Cham women was built in 1046, then in 1060 the king ordered a translation of Cham songs, and incorporated Cham drum known as trong com into the royal band. Cham women were taken as singers, dancers and entertainers for the court.
Royal Vietnamese court music first appeared in the 1040s after a successful seaborne raid against Champa led by king Lý Thái Tông in 1044. However, traditional Vietnamese music, whilst often compared to traditional Chinese music, is not exactly the same. The influence of Chinese culture on Vietnamese music is also quite prevalent, such as maids, harps and erhu. Each of Vietnam's ethnic group owns many unique types of musical instruments. Vietnam's ethnic diversity has also made its music scene diverse. Traditional Vietnamese music has been mainly used for religious activities, in daily life, and in traditional festivals.
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